Killer Whale Genetics – Who’s Tastiest?

Are all orcas created equally?

Hey Honey, what’s for dinner tonight?
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What makes a species a species?
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Looks the same?
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Do dietary differences matter?
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What about the amount of interbreeding between groups with a supposed species?
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Range?
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Behavior of unique groups?
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Genetics?
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Nuclear DNA?
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Mitochondrial DNA?
Turns out for “killer whales”, it’s all of the above.

Scientists have wrangled for years over whether there is a single species of orcas, or whether the orcas that eat dolfins are different from orcas that eat only fish from orcas that eat seals and other cetaceans.

The three images above may look the same, but the killer whale (top) lives in the Northeast Pacific and eats marine mammals. The “pack ice” killer whale (center) hunts seals in Antarctic waters, and a “Ross Sea” killer whale dines on fish under the Antarctic pack ice.
http://www.sciencenews.org/view/download/id/58845/name/Many_waters%2C_many_killers

Do the different ranges and different dining habits make them different?
It turns out that mitochondrial studies say: yes!

Mitochondria are a small organ in every cell that convert food molecules to energy, and they have their own DNA that is separate from the DNA in the cell nucleus. Mitochondrial DNA is often used as a type of molecular clock to measure the time elapsed after two genetic lineages of animals, plants or birds shared a common ancestor.

The most recent studies show that the molecular clocks of killer whales and other cetaceans have molecular clocks “tick” more slowly than in other species, according to Phillip Morin of NOAA’s Southwest Fisheries Science Center in La Jolla, Calif. This means that previous Mitochondrial DNA studies of orcas were flawed. Morin and colleagues, instead analyzed the full mitochondrial genomes of 139 killer whales from around the world. They found that the animals fall into several genetically distinct groups, including 3 distinct species of Arctic orcas (shown above).

“The genetic data show that they are each independently evolving lineages, . . .” according to Morin.

The study, published in April 2010’s Genome Research reports that there is enough evidence to classify the three ecotypes of killer whales as different species: (http://swfsc.noaa.gov/textblock.aspx?Division=PRD&id=16089):

• “Type B killer whales in the Antarctic feed only on marine mammals, especially seals that they knock off of pack ice. These killer whales have large eye patches and a two-tone grey color scheme. They are medium-size as killer whales go, falling in between the open-ocean dwelling Type A killer whales and the smaller Type C orcas.”
• “Type C killer whales — also known as Ross Sea killer whales — eat fish and hunt under Antarctica’s pack ice. These are the smallest of the killer whales and have a small, slanted eye patch.”
• “Transient killer whales that live in the northeastern Pacific near Alaska are the most genetically distinct of the killer whales. These killer whales eat other marine mammals, including seals, sea lions, whales and dolphins. Morin’s group estimates that this group diverged from other killer whales as a separate species about 700,000 years ago. Other groups split off more recently”

New species typically appear after geographical isolation separates several groups of a single species into separate breeding populations. Since orcas don’t have physical barriers to keep them from breeding with each other, some researchers concluded in the past that geographic isolation wasn’t enough to divide them into separate species, but the latest Mitochondrial DNA evidence indicates otherwise.

http://www.sciencenews.org/view/generic/id/58838/description/One_ocean%2C_four_%28or_more%29_killer_whale_species

One final note: Some scientists believe that orcas are the only closely related species that kill and eat their close genetic relations, other than humans. What does that say about intelligence?

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Feel free to copy with proper attribution: YucaLandia/Surviving Yucatan.
© Steven M. Fry

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